INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLOGY

 

Origin, Meaning and Definition  of Sociology

-        Society is the web of social relationship.

-        Abstract and dynamic concept.

-        Co-operation and conflict is in society

-        Depend on the law of interdependence and mutual awareness.

-        Likeness and difference is in society.

 

-        August Comte is the founding father of sociology.

-        It is originated in 1838, by his famous book “The Course of Positive Philosophy”

-        Herbert Spencer, Emile Durkheim and Max Weber are known as the four founding father of sociology.

-        Sociology is composed of two words, they are  latin “Socius” and Greek “Logos”, Where socius means society and Logos means study or science. Thus the etymological meaning of sociology is the scientific study of society.

-        Sociology study the pattern of social relationship, interaction, problems, and  the holistic study of the society.

-        Sociology is the science of society

-        Sociology is the study of social relationship.

-        Sociology is the study of social phenomena, behavior and functions.

-        Sociology is the study of social groups.

-        Sociology is the study of social interactions.

 

 

Sociology concentrated for the study of human society, its major elements and its dynamics. Sociology studies about social action, social change, social order, status, structure, function, stratification, agency, relation, interaction etc. In broadest sense social interactions their structure and functions are studied by sociology. Sociology studies human society, social action, social group, social institution as well as the various social, religious, political and economic organizations. It also studies the social interactions of people and groups trace the origin and growth of society and social process, and analyze the influence of group activities on individual and others. The sociologist seeks to provide an analysis of human society and its various forms in sociological perspective. Sociology has given sufficient attention to the study of primary unites of social life. Sociology has been concerned with the development, structure, and function of a wide variety of basic social institutions such as family, kinship, religion, economic, political, legal, and educational and other various institutions. Sociology also applies scientific method in social research.

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Definitions of sociology

-        Kingsley Davis: “Sociology is the general science of society.”

-        George Simmel: “Sociology is the science of the forms of human interrelations.”

-        Henry Fairchild: “Sociology is the study of man and his human environment in their relations to each other.

-        Herbert Spencer: “Sociology is the study of interrelations between the different parts of society”.

-        Max Weber: “Sociology is the science which attempts the interpretative understanding of social action.”

Nature of sociology

 Whether Sociology is Science or Not?

Sociology is not a science:

-        Lack of prediction

-        Abstractness

-        Lack of Lab

Sociology is a Science

-        Follow scientific Methodology in its study

-        Follow fielf work, data collection, editing, coding, classification, analysis and give a conclusion.

Robert Bierstedt’s View:

-        Sociology is an independent science

-        Sociology is a social science not a physical and natural science

-        Sociology is an abstract science not a concrete one.

-        Sociology is a pure science not an applied science.

-        Sociology is a general science not a special science

-        Sociology is a generalizing science not a particularing science

-        Sociology is both logical and empirical science

-        Sociology is a categorical science not a normative discipline.

Scope of Sociology:

The scope of Sociology is divided into two schools

1.  Formalistic/ Specialist school: George Simmel leads this school of thought. The other thinkers of this school are Vierkandt, Max Weber, Tonnies, and Von Wise etc. Thought of this school opinion is that sociology is a pure and independent science. As a pure and independent science, it has its limited area or scope. It should confine itself to the study of certain aspects of human relationship only. Further, it should study only the forms of social relationship but not their content.Sociology as a specific social science describes, classifies and analyze the forms of social relationships or limited aspect of social life.

 

Criticism

-        The formalistic school has unreasonably narrowed the field of sociology. Sociology should not onlystudy  the general forms of social relationships but also their content.

-        Social forms cannot be distant from the content, because they are closely interrelated with each other

-        Sociology has close relationship with other social sciences.

-        It is impractical for the establishment of pure and specific sociology.

 1.  The Synthetic School:

The main thinkers of this school are Emile Durkheim, Hob House, Ginsberg, Sorokin etc. This school wants to build sociology as synthesis of the social sciences. It wants to make sociology a general social science not a pure or special social science. The main argument of this school is that all parts of social life are intimately interrelated, where the study of one aspect is not sufficient and scientific for the understand of the entire social phenomenon.Hense, sociology should study social life as a whole.

 Sociology and Anthropology

Sociology depends upon anthropology to understand the present social phenomena from the knowledge of the past which is often provided by anthropology.

These both disciplines are closely related with each other and frequently indistinguishable. These both are related as social science while study the various aspects of society and culture, the relation between sociology and anthropology is found more intimate. Because society and culture are closely interrelated with each other. Without sociological background the study of anthropology is incomplete and without the study of man, his works, culture and activities the sociology also incomplete. Sociology provides the actual holistic knowledge of the society and anthropology also provide   the knowledge of the origin and development of   human, their culture, activities etc.

 Sociology and Psychology

 

Psychology is the study of human behavior, mental process, experiences behavior intelligences, attitudes, hopes, fears and other psychological aspect of human. On the other hand sociology studies the social phenomena. Psychology depends on sociology to understand about the social structure, relations, organization and total of the social phenomena. Sociology also depends on psychology to understand about the mental or psychological aspect of human. By studying the human psychology we can imagine about the society because society is the reflection of the individual behavior. Individual behavior also guided by the social structure.

Subject Matter of Sociology

 

Sociology concentrated for the study of human society, its major elements and its dynamics. Sociology studies about social relation, social action, social change, social order, status, structure, function, stratification, agency, relation, interaction etc. In broadest sense social interactions their structure and functions are studied by sociology. Sociology studies human society, social action, social group, social institution as well as the various social, religious, political and economic organizations. It also studies the social interactions of people and groups trace the origin and growth of society and social process, and analyze the influence of group activities on individual and others. The sociologist seeks to provide an analysis of human society and its various forms in sociological perspective. Sociology has given sufficient attention to the study of primary unites of social life. Sociology has been concerned with the development, structure, and function of a wide variety of basic social institutions such as family, kinship, religion, economic, political, legal, and educational and other various institutions. Sociology also applies scientific method in social research.

 Emergence of Sociology

 Sociology is one of the newer of the academic disciplines, tracing its origins no further back than the middle of the nineteenth century. It has a short history. Sociology, the science of society, is the youngest and it came to be established only in the nineteenth century. The French philosopher, August Comte gave sociology and a programme for its development. For thousands of years, society has been a subject for speculation and enquiry. Yet sociology is a modern science which originated only within last hundred fifty years or so.

Sociology has a long past, but only a short history. The study of human society in scientific way is said to have begun with August Comte. The emergence of sociology as a discipline of academic interest is of recent origin. Its emergence as a discipline can be attributed to the vast changes that took place in the nineteenth century.

Various strains and tendencies, some intellectual and some social, combined to-form the science of sociology. To quote Bottom ore, “The conditions which gave rise to sociology were both intellectual and social”.

Theoretically, sociology emerged historically as a kind of speculation about general laws, as illustrated in the broad theoretical schemes of August Comte, Herbert Spencer and other pioneers. In the twentieth century, most sociologists shifted their attention to much less ambitious problems and particularly to the gathering of empirical data about social life.

 

Sociological Imagination

Sociologists differ in their understanding of the concept, but the range suggests several important commonalities. Together, they conclude that C. Wright Mills defined sociological imagination as "the awareness of the relationship between personal experience and the wider society".

-        Imagination for asking and answering various social questions or issues.

-        For follow scientific or emparical study the social issues

-        For critically analysis the social phenomena.

-        Analysis the cause effect relationship.

-        For normative interpretation of social issues

    

 

 

 

Writing the report on effective format

 You work for Mrs Ruth Fairless, Manager of the Bateman Hotel, Norland Road, Tenwick, Cumbria C49 8JY.

When guests ‘sign out’ before they leave they are able to make any comments on their feelings about the hotel and the service they have received. You have to write a report each month for Mrs Fairless on the points raised. These are the comments made by guests last month. ‘The service in the restaurant was not very good. We often had to wait half an hour between courses.’

‘EVERYTHING WAS LOVELY – IT IS A WELL RUN HOTEL.’
‘There aren’t enough satellite channels on the TV – no movie channels.’
‘Very helpful staff – very polite.’
‘We had a splendid holiday – but the service in the restaurant could be quicker.’
‘The best hotel in Cumbria. Very good value.’
‘It was three days before the broken light in my room was repaired.’
‘Lovely food – but poor service at meal times. Very slow.’
‘The gardens are beautiful.’
‘We will definitely come back. The staff are very friendly.’

Write the report.

MONTHLY GUEST COMMENTS REPORT

Bateman Hotel

 

By

Pradeep Thapa

To: Mrs. Ruth Fairless, Manager of Bateman Hotel

From: Pradeep Thapa, Assistant Manager

Date:   13 august 2023

Subject: MONTHLY GUEST COMMENTS REPORT

Dear Mrs Fairless

I hope this report finds you well. I have compiled a summary of the feedbackleft by our guest during past month.

Here is an overview of the feedback we received.

FINDINGS

1.      POSITIVE FEEDBACK

1.1  Guests were very satisfied and praise our staff for being helpful and polite.

1.2  Guests were praising our hotel saying the best hotel in Cumbria with best value.

1.3  Some guests expressed their feelings towards hotel’s gardenas beautiful.

1.4  Guests acknowledged our chefs and appreciated the quality of food.

1.5  Some guests even promised to come back saying the staff were very friendly.

2.      NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

2.1  Many guests complained about poor service as they have to wait up to half an hour between courses.

2.2  Some guests were very disappoined with the lack of satellite channels on TV, specifically mentioning the absence of movie channels.

2.3  A guest even mentioned about how  the broken light was repaired after three days.

CONCLUSIONS

The guest’s feedback were both positive and negative aspects of our hotelfood quality and areas for improvement, including hotel service speed and entertainment options.

RECOMMENDATIONS

1.      The hotel’s service should be improved as to reduce the  time between courses.

2.      Adding different TV channels, specifically  the movie channels.

3.      WE should train our staff more so to overcome our problems.

pradeep

Pradeep Thapa

Assistant Manager

 

 

 

 

 

 

CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER

According to uses and applications, computers come in a variety of sizes and shapes with varying processing capabilities. In the beginning, the size of a computer was as large as building rooms, and processing speeds were relatively slow. With the introduction of microprocessor technology, the size of the computer was drastically reduced, and the processing speed increased.

 

Classification of Computers – Based on their Functionality and Sizes:

Computers are categorized into four groups according to their external dimensions, internal capabilities, and external uses.

Here is list of computers classified based on functionality:

• Supercomputer
• Mainframe computer
• Minicomputer
• Microcomputer
•  

Supercomputer:

Among digital computers, supercomputers are the biggest, fastest, strongest, and priciest. The first supercomputer was created in the 1960s for the American Department of Defense (USA). Supercomputers use several processors to increase their speed, and many people can use them simultaneously. Supercomputers are generally utilized for scientific purposes and large-scale, complex calculations.

They are widely used in the aerospace, automotive, chemical, electronics, and petroleum industries, as well as for weather forecasting and seismic analysis.

Example for supercomputer

Jaguar, Nebulae, Roadrunner, Kraken, Tianhe-1

Mainframe Computer:

Mainframe computers, also known as mainframes, are the most commonly used type of digital computer in large industries for controlling processes  as well as in offices for maintaining networks and providing access to shared resources. IBM is estimated to control two-thirds of the mainframe market. They are far more suitable for intensive operation than supercomputers. Many modern computers can multitask; however, they are typically limited to eight or fewer processors.

Megaflops (millions of floating-point arithmetic operations per second) are used to measure processor speed. Mainframe computer systems are powerful enough to support a hundred users at remote terminals at the same time. It can support hundreds of users by keeping multiple programs in primary memory and switching between them quickly. Multi-programming refers to the ability to run multiple programs at the same time for multiple users.

Example for Mainframe computer

IBM-3000 series, IBM 4300, IBM 3090.

Mini Computer:

Most minicomputers, like mainframes, are multiuser and general-purpose computers. The primary distinction between mainframes and minicomputers is that minicomputers are slower even when performing the same tasks as mainframes.

Example for Mini computer

PDP series

Micro Computer: 

The most common type of computer, widely used in homes, schools, banks, and offices, among other places. It is a low-cost digital computer with a single microprocessor, storage unit, and input/output device. Microcomputers are typically designed for individual use only.

They were originally referred to as microcomputers because they were so small in size compared to supercomputers and mainframes. They are commonly used in homes, offices, and for personal use, so they are also referred to as personal computers.

Example for Micro computer

Desktop computers and portable computers like a laptop, personal digital assistant (PDA)

Desktop Computer:

A desktop computer, also known as a PC (Personal computer), is the most common type of microcomputer. It have CPU (Central Processing Unit), a keyboard and a mouse for input, and a monitor or display unit for output. The CPU is made up of a microprocessor, main memory, secondary storage unit such as a hard drive or optical drive, and a power supply unit all housed in a single cabinet.

Example for Desktop computer

Apple, Dell, Hp, Lenovo.

Portable Computer:

Portable computers, such as laptops and PDAs, have surpassed desktop computers in popularity. The best feature of this portable computer is that it is lightweight and portable. Laptops have all of the same components as desktop computers, but they are more compact and smaller in size.

A palm-sized portable digital assistant (PDA) is another type of portable computer. As a result, it is also known as a palmtop computer. PDAs are used to keep track of appointments, take important notes, set reminders, perform mathematical calculations, play games, and even surf the internet and send emails. In 1993, Apple released the Newton, the first personal digital assistant.

Example for Portable computer

Palm Pilot, Handspring Visor, HP Jordana, Compaq Aero, Franklyn eBook man

Classification of Computers – Based on Purpose:

Computers are broadly classified into two types based on its purpose:

• General-purpose computer
• Specific-purpose computer

General Purpose Computer:

A general-purpose computer is built to do a variety of common tasks. Computers of this type have the ability to store multiple programs. They can be applied in the workplace, in science, in education, and even at home. Such computers are adaptable, but they are also less effective and move more slowly.

Specific Purpose Computer:

A single specific task can be handled by a specific-purpose computer, which is designed to execute a certain task. They aren’t made to manage several programs. They were therefore not adaptable. Since they are made to handle a specific task, they are more efficient and faster than general-purpose computers.  These computers are utilized for things like airline reservations, air traffic control, and satellite tracking.

Classification of Computers – Based Data Handling:

The computer is further classified into three types based on its ability to handle data or how it processes incoming data differently. They are

• Digital computer
• Analog computer
• Hybrid computer
•  

Digital Computer:

 A digital computer deals with the data that can be stored in binary format i.e. in the form of 0s and 1s. This computer stores data or information as voltage pulses that either indicate 0 or 1. Before being stored in a computer’s memory, all types of data, including text documents, music files, and graphic images, are transformed into binary format. It is a machine that manipulates discrete data and executes logical and mathematical operations.

Analog Computer:

An Analog computer is used to process the analog data. Analog data is data that is constantly changing or varying. They are used to measure continuously varying aspects of physical quantities such as electrical current, voltages, hydraulic pressure, and other electrical and mechanical properties. Analog computer does not measure discrete values. They are employed in scientific and industrial applications.

Hybrid Computer:

A hybrid computer is a combination of both a digital computer system and an analog. The hybrid computer has the capacity to handle both analog and digital input. While the digital half of the system manages the numerical and logical operation, the analog portion of the system handle the continuously varying aspects of complex mathematical computation. The system’s controller is also a part of the digital component.

Hybrid computers are used in medical science to measure the heartbeat of the patient, also used in controlling industrial processes and scientific applications.